Oral formulations are expanding
The evidence has been largely RNA- and protein-based with increased concentrations of interleukin (IL)-4, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- , soluble TNF receptor 1 (sTNFR1), and soluble IL-2 receptor consistently reported in BD compared to healthy controls [67, 68]
This exclusivity allows companies to recoup their research and development (R&D) investments and generate profit
Notably, a subset of alpha-cells showed enrichment of alpha-cell maturity markers ( LOXL4 , MAFB , and ARX ), regulators of reduced ER stress ( DDIT3 , XBP1 , and PPP1R15A ), transcription factors governing endocrine fate ( FEV and ISL1 ), receptors involved in glucose homeostasis ( FFAR1 and GPAR119 ), and secretory pathways ( SCG2 ) (68)